Sedimentology of the Salem Limestone in Indiana

Author Institution: Department of Engineering Geology, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.The Mississippian Salem Limestone, from which dimension stone is quarried in Indiana, is principally a calcarenitic rock formed of fossil bryozoans, echinoderms, and specimens of Endothyra. Numerical associations of the fossils, binding materials, oolitically coated fossils, and voids were determined by counting points on the surfaces of 278 thin sections of the limestone. Median sizes, coefficients of sorting, and skewness numbers were computed from measurements made of constituents in these thin sections. Many other samples and numerous exposures of the Salem and contiguous parts of adjacent formations also were studied. The organisms that furnished the skeletal material for formation of the Salem Limestone were chiefly gregarious and communal. Salem rocks are formed of nearly whole skeletons, of dismembered or slightly damaged skeletons, and of skeletons thoroughly ground up, because currents in the Salem sea varied in their ability to move and damage these materials. Locally the sediments are of uniform grain size because of sorting by currents and because related organisms grew to similar sizes. Rocks of the formation contain different proportions of the fauna both because the animals lived in these proportions and because their skeletons were mixed together by currents. The proportional relationships between members of the fauna were constant locally and for short periods of time. Study and mapping of the faunal associations, numbers of oolitically coated fossils, bedding structures, and size parameters enables geologists to suggest sedimentologic histories and sequences in areas of various sizes. Interpretations based upon such areal studies are necessary for evaluation of the dimension-stone potential within the Salem Limestone

The Sanders Group and Subjacent Muldraugh Formation (Mississippian) in Indiana

Lithologic similarities between the Salem Limestone and the subjacent Harrodsburg Limestone, redefined here, indicate a close relationship between these formations, which are assigned to a new rock unit, the Sanders Group (middle Mississippian). The Harrodsburg Limestone is redefilled to exclude a dissimilar unit, the Ramp Creek Limestone Member. which is reassigned to the highest formation (Muldraugh) of the Borden Group; thus the Borden Group is modified by the addition of the Ramp Creek. The Ramp Creek is expanded to include subjacent rocks of similar lithologies that were formerly classed as parts of the Edwardsville Formation. The Leesville and Guthrie Creek Members are retained as parts of the Harrodsburg Limestone. The name Muldraugh Formation, excluding here the Leesville and Guthrie Creek Members of former usage in Kentucky~ is introduced for the uppermost formation of the Borden Group in Indiana. The Muldraugh includes the Ramp Creek Limestone Member and the redefined Edwardsville Member and the Floyds Knob Limestone Member; the Floyds 'knob and Edwardsville, formerly classified as formations, have widespread but thin carbonate rocks that are intercalated with calcareous, quartzose, and argillaceous rocks very similar lithologically to those of the revised Ramp Creek

An Attestation Architecture for Blockchain Networks

If blockchain networks are to become the building blocks of the infrastructure for the future digital economy, then several challenges related to the resiliency and survivability of blockchain networks need to be addressed. The survivability of a blockchain network is influenced by the diversity of its nodes. Trustworthy device-level attestations permits nodes in a blockchain network to provide truthful evidence regarding their current configuration, operational state, keying material and other system attributes. In the current work we review the recent developments towards a standard attestation architecture and evidence conveyance protocols. We explore the applicability and benefits of a standard attestation architecture to blockchain networks. Finally, we discuss a number of open challenges related to node attestations that has arisen due to changing model of blockchain network deployments, such as the use virtualization and containerization technologies for nodes in cloud infrastructures.Comment: 33 pages, 10 figure

The state of Florida's estuaries and future needs in estuarine research: Part 2. an academic research agenda (review draft)

As a program supporting academic research that addresses recognized societal needs, the Florida Sea Grant Program is developing a research theme area on estuaries to provide a uniquely academic product that will augment mission-oriented research undertaken by government and by the private sector. This report is not a call for proposals. It does not prescribe a specific research plan. Rather, it is a concept paper designed to focus research on two broad "organizing themes": (1) the hydrology of Florida's estuaries, and (2) the impact of cyclic environmental variability on estuarine function. (46pp.

Common Rocks, Minerals and Fossils Found in Indiana

Indiana Geological Survey Circular 3Rocks, minerals, and fossils of Indiana are the foundation, directly or indirectly, of the economic well-being of the state. Utilization of rocks, minerals, and fossils has contributed to the development of civilization. Those persons who have the ability, initiative, and vigor to utilize the earth's mineral resources advantageously are most likely to progress and prosper. One of the responsibilities of the Indiana Geological Survey is the investigation of mineral wealth within the state. Not only should the citizens of Indiana be informed about these resources, but also people in other states should know that Indiana is a mining, as well as an agricultural and a manufacturing, state. Because of rather extensive exploitation of limestone, dolomite, clay) shale, sand, gravel, coal, water, and oil resources in Indiana, more people are becoming aware that the science of geology exists and that much can be gained by an understanding of it. The interest of Hoosiers) as well as other people, in Indiana's rocks, minerals, and fossils is revealed both by the many inquiries received by the Geological Survey for information concerning Indiana's mineral resources and by the specimen samples sent to the Survey for identification. This circular has been prepared, therefore, primarily to accompany a set of common rocks, minerals, and fossils found in Indiana. These specimens are described in some detail in nontechnical terms in order that students in secondary schools, amateur collectors, scout organizations, and other interested persons and groups can become familiar with them. The authors can neither cover fully in this brief report all characteristics and variations of any given specimen nor describe in detail the infinite varieties of each rock, mineral, and fossil found in Indiana. For special information regarding Indiana geology, the reader should consult the more detailed reports of the Geological Survey and its predecessors. The staff of the Indiana Geological Survey hope that the study of specimen rocks, minerals, and fossils. will help in answering some of the questions about Indiana geology.Indiana Department of Conservatio

The new a-theory of time

The New A-theory of Time (TNAT) is the view, to be elaborated and defended in this article, that many times exist, and that time is real in virtue of every moment in time bearing each of the so-called A-properties: past, present and future. I argue that TNAT is at least as theoretically virtuous as mainstream views in the philosophy of time and may have some claim to being our best theory of time. I show that the properties ‘past’, ‘present’ and ‘future’ can be understood as compatible intrinsic properties. Having demonstrated that this account of the A-properties is coherent, I go on to demonstrate how TNAT can give us an account of passage, change and the truth-conditions for temporal sentences. In the final section of the article, I develop a tentative argument in favour of TNAT, though concede that we have to settle for the result that TNAT is on a par with our other theories of time. In the remainder of this opening section, my aim is to situate the current proposal as a direct response to McTaggart’s infamous argument against the reality of time

Demystifying Internet of Things Security

Break down the misconceptions of the Internet of Things by examining the different security building blocks available in Intel Architecture (IA) based IoT platforms. This open access book reviews the threat pyramid, secure boot, chain of trust, and the SW stack leading up to defense-in-depth. The IoT presents unique challenges in implementing security and Intel has both CPU and Isolated Security Engine capabilities to simplify it. This book explores the challenges to secure these devices to make them immune to different threats originating from within and outside the network. The requirements and robustness rules to protect the assets vary greatly and there is no single blanket solution approach to implement security. Demystifying Internet of Things Security provides clarity to industry professionals and provides and overview of different security solutions What You'll Learn Secure devices, immunizing them against different threats originating from inside and outside the network Gather an overview of the different security building blocks available in Intel Architecture (IA) based IoT platforms Understand the threat pyramid, secure boot, chain of trust, and the software stack leading up to defense-in-depth Who This Book Is For Strategists, developers, architects, and managers in the embedded and Internet of Things (IoT) space trying to understand and implement the security in the IoT devices/platforms

Interval Subroutine Library Mission

We propose the collection, standardization, and distribution of a full-featured production quality library for reliable scientific computing with routines using interval techniques for use by the wide community of applications developers